{"id":87276,"date":"2021-02-12T12:06:44","date_gmt":"2021-02-12T10:06:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/?p=87276"},"modified":"2021-02-12T12:07:33","modified_gmt":"2021-02-12T10:07:33","slug":"termiti-dokonali-architekti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/2021\/02\/termiti-dokonali-architekti\/","title":{"rendered":"Termiti – dokonal\u00ed architekti"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00edto mal\u00ed tvorovia, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed rad\u00ed niekam medzi mravce, hoci spolu nemaj\u00fa v\u00f4bec ni\u010d spolo\u010dn\u00e9, ob\u00fdvaj\u00fa na\u0161u plan\u00e9tu u\u017e mili\u00f3ny rokov.
\nZa t\u00fa dobu doviedli svoj um v\u00a0budovan\u00ed \u00a0tzv. termit\u00ed\u0161\u0165 k dokonalosti, a to tak, \u017ee si nad nimi vedci l\u00e1mu hlavu a architekti sa sna\u017eia tieto dokonalo prepracovan\u00e9 a perfektne funguj\u00face stavby napodobni\u0165.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Termites soldier on nature background<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

St\u00e1le zapnut\u00e1 klimatiz\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Termitisko u\u017e videl aspo\u0148 na obr\u00e1zku takmer ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0n\u00e1s. M\u00e1lokto v\u0161ak vie, \u017ee tieto impozantn\u00e9, a\u017e \u0161es\u0165 metrov vysok\u00e9 stavby, s\u00fa len akousi klimatiz\u00e1ciou podzemn\u00e9ho hniezda termitov. T\u00ed ich ve\u013emi obratne buduj\u00fa z hliny, vody a vlastn\u00fdch sl\u00edn. Mili\u00f3n termitov zvl\u00e1dne za rok premiestni\u0165 a\u017e 400 kilogramov hliny a nieko\u013eko ton vody!
\nNadzemn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 termitiska je vlastne spletit\u00e1 s\u00fastava otvorov, chodbi\u010diek a kom\u00f4rok, ktor\u00e9 sa ukr\u00fdvaj\u00fa pod 45 centimetrami hliny, ktor\u00fa ke\u010f slnie\u010dko vysu\u0161\u00ed, tak je tvrd\u00e1 ako bet\u00f3n. Tento syst\u00e9m pom\u00e1ha regulova\u0165 teplotn\u00e9 podmienky v podzemnej \u010dasti hniezda a to tak dokonale, \u017ee aj v miestach s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi teplotn\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvmi po\u010das d\u0148a, kol\u00ed\u0161e teplota v termiti\u0161ti v rozmedz\u00ed maxim\u00e1lne jedn\u00e9ho stup\u0148a Celzia! Napr\u00edklad v Zambezi je cez de\u0148 okolo 33 \u00b0 C a v noci asi 2, v termiti\u0161ti je v\u0161ak teplota ust\u00e1len\u00e1 na asi 31 stup\u0148och. Ako je to mo\u017en\u00e9? Chladn\u00fd vzduch pr\u00fadi do syst\u00e9mu z podzemn\u00e9ho hniezda, prech\u00e1dza s\u00fastavou, ohrieva sa a nakoniec je vytla\u010den\u00fd von vrchn\u00fdmi otvory. T\u00fdmito otvormi sa dovn\u00fatra pren\u00e1\u0161a vonkaj\u0161ia zmeny tlaku a pr\u00fadenia vzduchu a termity otvori neust\u00e1le zaslepuj\u00fa a zase otv\u00e1raj\u00fa tak, aby udr\u017eali kon\u0161tantn\u00fa kl\u00edmu. Ako spoznaj\u00fa \u010do, kde a ako upravi\u0165, je v podstate z\u00e1hadou. Mo\u017eno k\u00a0tomu vyu\u017eivaju maj\u00fa zdatn\u00e9ho pomocn\u00edka – kol\u00f3niu \u0161peci\u00e1lnych h\u00fab.<\/p>\n

Huby ako \u017eal\u00fadok<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina druhov termitov si vo vn\u00fatri termitiska pestuje kol\u00f3niu h\u00fab, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa ako ak\u00fdsi vonkaj\u0161\u00ed \u017eal\u00fadok a pom\u00e1ha im tr\u00e1vi\u0165 celul\u00f3zu z dreva a rastl\u00edn, ktor\u00fdmi sa tieto \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy \u017eivia. Na hub\u00e1ch s\u00fa vlastne bytostne z\u00e1visl\u00ed a vedci prip\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa my\u0161lienku, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve tieto huby s\u00fa ak\u00fdmsi mozgom termiti\u0161\u0165, ktor\u00fd cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m riadi. Pod\u013ea odhadov maj\u00fa huby pod kontroloa a\u017e 85% metabolizmu cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Je celkom dobre mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee vysielaj\u00fa nejak\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa a riadia spr\u00e1vanie termitov.
\nJednalo by sa potom o dokonal\u00fa symbi\u00f3zu, kedy jeden bez druh\u00e9ho skuto\u010dne nem\u00f4\u017ee fungova\u0165. Vr\u00e1\u0165me sa teda na chv\u00ed\u013eu k ot\u00e1zke tr\u00e1venie celul\u00f3zy. Termity \u017eiviace sa tr\u00e1vou a\u00a0drevom, nedok\u00e1\u017eu str\u00e1vi\u0165 celul\u00f3zu, ktor\u00fa po n\u00e1vrate do hniezda vyvrhn\u00fa hub\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 ju premenia na v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00fa zmes. Termity im za to poskytuj\u00fa priestor k rastu, vodu a vlastne aj potravu.<\/p>\n

Stavajme ako termity<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ako ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je pre termiti presn\u00e1 kon\u0161trukcia termitiska, dok\u00e1zali vedci, ke\u010f do neho vyh\u013abili mal\u00fa, asi p\u00e4tn\u00e1s\u0165centimetrov\u00fa dieru. Takmer okam\u017eite sa k nepl\u00e1novan\u00e9mu otvoru zhroma\u017edili vojaci s hryzadlami, pripraven\u00ed br\u00e1ni\u0165 svoj domov pred ni\u010dite\u013eom. Vz\u00e1p\u00e4t\u00ed na to sa prir\u00fatili robotn\u00edci, ktor\u00ed za\u010dali dieru opravova\u0165. Do hodiny mali hotovo.
\nNa trhlinu ich najsk\u00f4r upozornila zmena pr\u00fadenia vzduchu v syst\u00e9me. Na z\u00e1klade znalost\u00ed, aj ke\u010f nedokonal\u00fdch, o stavbe a fungovan\u00ed termitiska, bola v Zimbabwe postaven\u00e1 \u00a0kancel\u00e1rska budova na \u010do najpodobnej\u0161om princ\u00edpe. V\u00fdsledky s\u00fa viac ne\u017e ohromuj\u00face – k jej prev\u00e1dzke je potreba len asi desatina energie, ktor\u00fa be\u017ene spotrebuje rovnak\u00e1 budova, postaven\u00e1 klasick\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom.
\nT\u00fdmto termiti poradili architektom, ako sa spr\u00e1vne projektuj\u00fa n\u00edzkoenergetick\u00e9 domy<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1\u013eovn\u00e1 a t\u00ed druh\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

A kto vlastne v takom termiti\u0161ti \u017eije?
\nU\u017e sme spomenuli vojakov s hryzadlami, ktor\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu pri niektor\u00fdch druhoch mera\u0165 a\u017e 1,5 centimetrov a ich uhryznutie je zna\u010dne bolestiv\u00e9. Najviac je v\u0161ak potreba robotn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa bezkr\u00eddl\u00ed a\u00a0slep\u00ed. Staraj\u00fa sa nielen o potravu, budovanie a udr\u017eiavanie spr\u00e1vneho kl\u00edmy, ale aj o vaj\u00ed\u010dka a larvy. Centrom cel\u00e9ho hniezda je toti\u017e kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e1 komnata, v ktorej s\u00eddli kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fd p\u00e1r. Kr\u00e1\u013eovn\u00e1 sa do\u017e\u00edva a\u017e 30 rokov, \u017eije v \u0161peci\u00e1lnej kom\u00f4rke a jej \u017eivotn\u00fdm poslan\u00edm je kladenie vaj\u00ed\u010dok. Za de\u0148 ich nakladie a\u017e tis\u00edc. Robotn\u00edci ich n\u00e1sledne odn\u00e1\u0161a do \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u0161peci\u00e1lnych kom\u00f4rok, ak\u00fdchsi liahn\u00ed, kde sa z vaj\u00ed\u010dok liahnu larvy. Robotn\u00edci sa staraj\u00fa aj o ne. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tnos\u0165ou je, \u017ee kr\u00e1\u013eovn\u00e1 na konci svojho \u017eivota u\u017e nekladie vaj\u00ed\u010dka oplodnen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eom, ale pomocou tzv. Partenogen\u00e9za \u010di\u017ee samogravidite, zaist\u00ed v\u00fdvin nov\u00e9ho jedinca bez nutnosti oplodnenia samcom. Nov\u00e1 gener\u00e1cia kr\u00e1\u013eovien tak z\u00edska kompletne genetick\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu p\u00f4vodnej kr\u00e1\u013eovnej.<\/p>\n

Termity – geol\u00f3govia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Afrika je zn\u00e1ma svojimi bohat\u00fdmi n\u00e1leziskami zlata a diamantov, ale nie v\u017edy je \u00faplne jednoduch\u00e9 tieto lo\u017eisk\u00e1 n\u00e1js\u0165. Termity sa uk\u00e1zali by\u0165 t\u00fdmi najlep\u0161\u00edmi h\u013eada\u010di. \u010casto s\u00fa toti\u017e cenn\u00e9 suroviny v h\u013abke sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou ur\u010dit\u00fdch miner\u00e1lnych l\u00e1tok. Len\u017ee zisti\u0165 ich pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 treba v tridsa\u0165metrovej h\u013abke vy\u017eaduje n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 prieskumn\u00e9 hlbinn\u00e9 vrty. Termity v\u0161ak do t\u00fdchto h\u013abok putuj\u00fa v p\u00fa\u0161tnych oblastiach \u00faplne zadarmo, aby sa dostali a\u017e k podzemnej vode. Na svojich hryzadl\u00e1ch potom vyn\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa na povrch aj mal\u00e9 mno\u017estvo miner\u00e1lnych l\u00e1tok z hlbiny. Kr\u00e1snym pr\u00edkladom je udalos\u0165 zo 70. rokov 19. storo\u010dia. Vtedy bol objaven\u00fd na povrchu p\u00fa\u0161te Kalahari ilmenit. Tento miner\u00e1l sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou vyskytuje spolo\u010dne s diamantmi a tak jeho n\u00e1lez sp\u00f4sobil ve\u013ek\u00fd rozruch.
\nA opr\u00e1vnene.
\nNa tomto mieste je dnes jedna \u00a0z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch diamantov\u00fdch ban\u00ed na svete, Jwaneng. Nach\u00e1dza sa 40 metrov pod zemou a\u00a0objaven\u00e1 bola \u00a0len v\u010faka termitom, ktor\u00ed zrnko po zrnku vyn\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa materi\u00e1l z hlbok\u00fdch \u0161\u00e1cht na povrch.
\nDnes u\u017e existuje met\u00f3da, ktor\u00e1 mapuje termitisko v oblastiach s mo\u017en\u00fdmi n\u00e1leziskami vz\u00e1cnych kovov a diamantov a odober\u00e1 z nich vzorky. Pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed tohto syst\u00e9mu sa odoberali vzorky z termiti\u0161\u0165 v bl\u00edzkosti u\u017e objaven\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u00edsk. Rozbor uk\u00e1zal presne to, \u010do by sa v tak\u00fdch miestach malo n\u00e1js\u0165 a termity s\u00fa uzn\u00e1van\u00fdmi a \u00a0pr\u00e1voplatn\u00fdmi \u201e geol\u00f3gmi \u201e.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj: https:\/\/www.sokujiciplaneta.cz\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Viac zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed n\u00e1jdete tu: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2NedOsS<\/a><\/p>\n

Foto: depositphotos<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00edto mal\u00ed tvorovia, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed rad\u00ed niekam medzi mravce, hoci spolu nemaj\u00fa v\u00f4bec ni\u010d spolo\u010dn\u00e9, ob\u00fdvaj\u00fa na\u0161u plan\u00e9tu u\u017e mili\u00f3ny rokov. Za t\u00fa dobu doviedli svoj um v\u00a0budovan\u00ed \u00a0tzv. termit\u00ed\u0161\u0165 k dokonalosti, a to tak, \u017ee si nad nimi vedci l\u00e1mu hlavu a architekti sa sna\u017eia tieto dokonalo prepracovan\u00e9 a perfektne funguj\u00face stavby napodobni\u0165. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":87277,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,52,56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-87276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-real-estate","category-outdoor","category-priroda","eq-blocks"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=87276"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":87279,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87276\/revisions\/87279"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/87277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=87276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=87276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=87276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}