{"id":88180,"date":"2021-06-10T11:42:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-10T09:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/?p=88180"},"modified":"2021-06-10T11:43:18","modified_gmt":"2021-06-10T09:43:18","slug":"historia-vytahu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/2021\/06\/historia-vytahu\/","title":{"rendered":"HIST\u00d3RIA V\u00dd\u0164AHU"},"content":{"rendered":"

ARCHIMEDES: TELESO POLO\u017dEN\u00c9 DO V\u00dd\u0164AHU<\/strong><\/p>\n

U\u017e v\u00a03. Storo\u010d\u00ed pred n.l. c\u00edtili \u013eudia potrebu u\u013eah\u010di\u0165 si zdv\u00edhanie \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch bremien do v\u00fd\u0161ok. Vymysleli tak prv\u00e9 zdv\u00edhacie zariadenia, predchodcov dne\u0161n\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0165ahov.
\nSl\u00e1vny u\u010denec Archimedes, nie len noril teles\u00e1 do kvapaliny, ale tie\u017e zostrojil prv\u00fd v\u00fd\u0165ah, ve\u013emi podobn\u00fd t\u00fdm, ktor\u00fdmi dnes jazd\u00edme. Kab\u00edna visela na konopnom lane a\u00a0do v\u00fd\u0161ky ju dv\u00edhal ru\u010dn\u00fd kolovr\u00e1tok.
\nCis\u00e1r Nero (37 \u2013 68 n. l.) vlastnil v\u00fd\u0165ah s\u00a0prv\u00fdm bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdm prvkom \u2013 pr\u00edpadn\u00fd p\u00e1d stlmili naf\u00faknut\u00e9 ko\u017een\u00e9 mechy.
\nV\u00fd\u0165ah pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd o\u00a0ve\u013ea nesk\u00f4r p\u00e1pe\u017eom vo Vatik\u00e1ne bol poh\u00e1\u0148an\u00fd ped\u00e1lov\u00fdm kolesom. O\u00a0kr\u00e1\u013eovi slnka, \u013dudov\u00edtovi XIV. (1638 \u2013 1715), sa traduje, \u017ee ve\u013emi ner\u00e1d chodil po schodoch. Aj preto mu jeho dvorn\u00fd stavite\u013e Velayer v\u00a0roku 1743 postavil v\u00fd\u0165ah, vtedy naz\u00fdvan\u00fd lietaj\u00faca stoli\u010dka. Ako prv\u00fd pou\u017eil protiv\u00e1hu, ktor\u00e1 vyva\u017eovala kon\u0161trukciu kab\u00edny.
\nNikto okrem kr\u00e1\u013ea nesmel ma\u0165 vo Franc\u00fazku v\u00fd\u0165ah.
\nPrv\u00fdm v\u00fd\u0165ahom v\u00a0obytnom dome bol zrejme v\u00fd\u0165ah Erharda Weigela zostrojen\u00fd v\u00a0roku 1670 v\u00a0Jene.
\nV\u0161etci pra-predkovia dne\u0161n\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u0165ahu boli teda poh\u00e1\u0148an\u00e9 \u013eudskou, alebo zvieracou silou.
\nD\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm m\u00ed\u013enikom nie len pre v\u00fd\u0165ahy bola priemyslov\u00e1 revol\u00facia. Za jej symbol bol pova\u017eovan\u00fd vyn\u00e1lez parn\u00e9ho stroja. A\u00a0ten bol v\u00a0oblasti v\u00fd\u0165ahov n\u00e1le\u017eite vyu\u017eit\u00fd.
\nV roku 1830 v\u00a0anglickom meste Derby postavili Angli\u010dania Frost a\u00a0Strutt prv\u00fd v\u00fd\u0165ah na parn\u00fd pohon.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nNajstar\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1kres: V\u00fdtah Konr\u00e1da Keysera<\/p>\n

Neumo, Hydro, a tie \u010fal\u0161ie<\/strong><\/p>\n

V roku 1845 bol vyn\u00e1jden\u00fd prv\u00fd pneumatick\u00fd v\u00fd\u0165ah, o\u00a0rok nesk\u00f4r bol v\u00a0prev\u00e1dzke aj prv\u00fd v\u00fd\u0165ah s\u00a0hydraulick\u00fdm pohonom.
\nPiest bol vlo\u017een\u00fd do podzemn\u00e9ho valca a\u00a0kvapalina (vtedy voda, dnes hydraulick\u00fd olej), bola vstrekovan\u00e1 do valca. Piest sa tlakom vody zdv\u00edhal a\u00a0klesal, a\u00a0t\u00fdm sa pohyboval aj v\u00fd\u0165ah. Tok vody ovl\u00e1dala obsluha pomocou lana ur\u010den\u00e9ho pre regul\u00e1ciu pr\u00fadu vody.
\nHydraulick\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0165ahy boli zdv\u00edhan\u00e9 pomocou piestu pod kab\u00ednou v\u00fd\u0165ahu, nepotrebovali tak protiv\u00e1hu ani bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 zariadenie, kab\u00edna klesala pomocou vlastnej v\u00e1hy, len takou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou, akou sa odp\u00fa\u0161\u0165ala voda z\u00a0piestu.
\nTento v\u00fd\u0165ah bol in\u0161talovan\u00fd v\u00a0cis\u00e1rskom pal\u00e1ci vo Viedni.
\nNesk\u00f4r bola obsluha l\u00e1n nahraden\u00e1 p\u00e1kov\u00fdm ovl\u00e1dan\u00edm , ktor\u00e9 bolo presnej\u0161ie a\u00a0plynulej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0165ah na \u013eudsk\u00fd pohon:
\nNajmenej dvaja \u013eudia\u00a0 museli ot\u00e1\u010da\u0165 p\u00e1kou nav\u00edjacieho kolesa.<\/p>\n

Za v\u0161etk\u00fdm h\u013eadaj Otisa<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c9ra nov\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0165ahov za\u010dala v\u00a0roku 1853 vyn\u00e1lezom v\u00fd\u0165ahu s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm lana, kladky a\u00a0z\u00e1va\u017eia. Tento v\u00fd\u0165ah zdv\u00edhal bremena pozd\u013a\u017e \u0161achtovej steny. V\u00fd\u0165ah mal tak podobu dne\u0161nej kon\u0161trukcie: po stran\u00e1ch bol veden\u00fd vodidlami a\u00a0mal bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 zariadenie, tzv. zachyt\u00e1va\u010de, ktor\u00e9 v\u00a0pr\u00edpade pretrhnutia lana zabrzdili kab\u00ednu v\u00fd\u0165ahu.
\nZa t\u00fdmto vyn\u00e1lezom stoj\u00ed, dnes u\u017e v\u00fd\u0165ahov\u00e1 legenda Elisha G. Otis.
\nOtisov v\u00fd\u0165ah bol samozrejme omnoho v\u00fdkonnej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jeho predchodcovia, a\u00a0tak bol nain\u0161talovan\u00fd najprv v\u00a0Crystal Palace, New York, kde prekon\u00e1val 2\u00a0poschodia, a\u00a0nesk\u00f4r (v roku 1857) v\u00a0obchodnom dome E. V. Haughwout Co. v\u00a0New Yorku. Obsluhoval 5\u00a0poschod\u00ed r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 0,2m\/s, \u010do na t\u00fa dobu bola neskuto\u010dn\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165. (Pre porovnanie, dne\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0165ahy jazdia zvy\u010dajne r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou do 2,5m\/s, najr\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fd\u0165ah na svete v\u00a0Chalifovej ve\u017ei v\u00a0Dubaji jazd\u00ed r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou 18m\/s, \u010do je 65km\/h.)<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nOtis predv\u00e1dza svoje zachycovacie \u010de\u013euste<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0165ah p\u00e1n Siemensa<\/strong><\/p>\n

V roku 1880 in\u0161taloval nemeck\u00fd elektrotechnik a\u00a0podnikate\u013e Werner von Siemens v\u00fd\u0165ah s\u00a0elektrick\u00fdm pohonom na priemyselnej v\u00fdstave v\u00a0Mannheime. Jeho v\u00fd\u0165ah mal elektromotor umiestnen\u00fd priamo pod podlahou a\u00a0ot\u00e1\u010dal sa ozuben\u00fdm kolesom, ktor\u00fd sa pos\u00faval po ozubenom hrebeni.
\nS v\u00fdvojom technol\u00f3gie sa presunul motor nad najvy\u0161\u0161ie poschodie, kde poh\u00e1\u0148al lanov\u00fd bubon. Kab\u00edna tak bola op\u00e4\u0165 zavesen\u00e1 na lane.
\nNakoniec v\u0161ak prevl\u00e1dlo rie\u0161enie, kedy je lano prehoden\u00e9 cez lanovnicu, kde na jednej strane je lano kab\u00edny a\u00a0na strane druhej lano protiv\u00e1hy (tzv. lanov\u00e9, alebo trak\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0165ahy.) Toto rie\u0161enie pon\u00faklo staronov\u00e9 pou\u017eitie protiv\u00e1hy. U\u0161etrila sa tak energia a\u00a0bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v\u00fd\u0165ahy do v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch budov. Tam boli bubnov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0165ahy nepou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 \u2013 vzh\u013eadom k\u00a0d\u013a\u017eke lana by tieto bubnov\u00e9 stroje museli ma\u0165 extr\u00e9mne rozmery.
\nV roku 1903 nahradil elektrick\u00fd v\u00fd\u0165ah ozuben\u00e9 prevody a umo\u017enil tak prepravova\u0165 n\u00e1klad a\u017e 100 poschod\u00ed. P\u00f4vodn\u00e9 jednor\u00fdchlostn\u00e9 motory boli nahraden\u00e9 motormi multi r\u00fdchlostn\u00fdmi a technol\u00f3gia elektromagnetu nahradila ru\u010dn\u00e9 prep\u00ednanie a brzdenie. V\u00fd\u0165ahy boli vybaven\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dac\u00edmi tla\u010didlami a sign\u00e1lnym syst\u00e9mom a v dne\u0161nej dobe bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 zariaden\u00ed v budov\u00e1ch chr\u00e1ni pr\u00fadov\u00fd<\/a> chr\u00e1ni\u010d.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Siemensov v\u00fd\u0165ah<\/p>\n

Ako to bolo v \u010ceskoslovensku<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prv\u00fd (n\u00e1kladn\u00fd) v\u00fd\u0165ah zostrojila \u00fasteck\u00e1 firma Breitfeld-Dan\u011bk (jeden z\u00a0predchodcov \u010cKD) v\u00a0roku 1876 v\u00a0pivovare v\u00a0Litom\u011b\u0159ice. T\u00e1to spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa aj nesk\u00f4r venovala kon\u0161trukcii predov\u0161etk\u00fdm n\u00e1kladn\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0165ahov pre ve\u013ek\u00e9 podniky.
\nSo za\u010diatkom v\u00fd\u0165ah\u00e1rstva v\u00a0\u010ceskoslovensku s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 men\u00e1 ako J\u00e1n Prokopec, A. B\u00edlek a\u00a0po zamatovej revol\u00facii bola otvoren\u00e1 prv\u00e1 nov\u00e1 s\u00fakromn\u00e1 firma na Slovensku Tuchy\u0148a V\u00fd\u0165ahy, ktor\u00e1 sa zo za\u010diatku venovala servisom v\u00fd\u0165ahov a\u00a0nesk\u00f4r aj v\u00fdrobe a\u00a0mont\u00e1\u017ei v\u00fd\u0165ahov.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nOvl\u00e1danie v\u00fd\u0165ahu na Konopi\u0161ti<\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0165ah kr\u00e1\u013eovskou z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prv\u00fd elektrick\u00fd v\u00fd\u0165ah s\u00a0tla\u010didlov\u00fdm zariaden\u00edm jazdil v\u00a0pra\u017eskom hoteli Modr\u00e1 Hviezda. Aj n\u00e1sledn\u00edk Rak\u00fasko-Uhorsk\u00e9ho tr\u00f3nu Franti\u0161ek Ferdinand d’Este si nechal vo svojom s\u00eddle, na z\u00e1mku v\u00a0Konopi\u0161ti, postavi\u0165 v\u00fd\u0165ah.
\nO tom, \u017ee v\u00fd\u0165ahy boli v\u00a0minulosti kr\u00e1\u013eovskou z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165ou, n\u00e1s m\u00f4\u017ee presved\u010di\u0165, okrem nechuti \u013dudov\u00edta XVI. k\u00a0schodom, a\u00a0Franti\u0161ka Ferdinanda d’Este , tie\u017e n\u00e1lez pozostatkov jedn\u00e9ho z\u00a0prv\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0165ahov, v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch na Z\u00e1mku v\u00a0Ploskoviciach (20. roky 18. storo\u010dia).
\nV rovnakej dobe ako v\u00fd\u0165ah v\u00a0Ploskoviciach vznik\u00e1 pre potreby Ferdinanda V. Dobrotiv\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u0165ah na z\u00e1mku v\u00a0Z\u00e1kupoch \u2013 ten je najstar\u0161\u00edm dochovan\u00fdm v\u00fd\u0165ahom v\u00a0b\u00fdvalom \u010ceskoslovensku.
\nV letohr\u00e1dku Belaria v\u00a0z\u00e1hrade \u010deskokrumlovsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1mku sa dochoval unik\u00e1tny predchodca jed\u00e1lneho v\u00fd\u0165ahu.
\nPripraven\u00e9 jedlo bolo t\u00fdmto mechanizmom prepraven\u00e9 priamo do stredu jed\u00e1lensk\u00e9ho stola.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V\u00fd\u0165ahov\u00e1 kab\u00edna na z\u00e1mku Z\u00e1kupy<\/p>\n

Zdroj: https:\/\/www.i-vytahy.sk\/
\nViac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed na : https:\/\/bit.ly\/352qN6J<\/p>\n

Foto: Depositphotos<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ARCHIMEDES: TELESO POLO\u017dEN\u00c9 DO V\u00dd\u0164AHU U\u017e v\u00a03. Storo\u010d\u00ed pred n.l. c\u00edtili \u013eudia potrebu u\u013eah\u010di\u0165 si zdv\u00edhanie \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch bremien do v\u00fd\u0161ok. Vymysleli tak prv\u00e9 zdv\u00edhacie zariadenia, predchodcov dne\u0161n\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0165ahov. Sl\u00e1vny u\u010denec Archimedes, nie len noril teles\u00e1 do kvapaliny, ale tie\u017e zostrojil prv\u00fd v\u00fd\u0165ah, ve\u013emi podobn\u00fd t\u00fdm, ktor\u00fdmi dnes jazd\u00edme. Kab\u00edna visela na konopnom lane a\u00a0do v\u00fd\u0161ky […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":88181,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42,43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-88180","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tech","category-technologie","eq-blocks"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88180"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":88188,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88180\/revisions\/88188"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/88181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=88180"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=88180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}