{"id":89600,"date":"2022-01-07T16:25:23","date_gmt":"2022-01-07T14:25:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/?p=89600"},"modified":"2022-01-07T16:25:23","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T14:25:23","slug":"tehla-vznik-a-ako-sa-v-priebehu-rokov-menila","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/2022\/01\/tehla-vznik-a-ako-sa-v-priebehu-rokov-menila\/","title":{"rendered":"Tehla – vznik a ako sa v priebehu rokov menila"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tehla je najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm stavebn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, ktor\u00fd je zn\u00e1my skoro ako \u013eudstvo samo.
\nTrvalo tis\u00edce rokov, k\u00fdm sa v\u00fdroba p\u00e1lenej tehly dostala na s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148. Po\u010das posledn\u00fdch sto rokov pritom zaznamenala obrovsk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj. Tehly vyroben\u00e9 pred sto rokmi by u\u017e nezodpovedali s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm po\u017eiadavk\u00e1m na stavby, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa n\u00edzkoenergetick\u00e9 domy<\/strong><\/span><\/a>. Po\u010fme sa spolo\u010dne vyda\u0165 po stop\u00e1ch hist\u00f3rie tehly a pozrime sa, kde bola v\u00fdroba pred stovkami rokov a kde je dnes.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Najstar\u0161ie tehly s\u00fa star\u00e9 10 tis\u00edc rokov<\/strong>
\nBez teh\u00e1l by nevznikli skoro \u017eiadne v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 stavby, ktor\u00fdch pozostatky nach\u00e1dzame aj dnes. D\u00f4kazom starobylosti tehly ako stavebn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu s\u00fa n\u00e1lezy poch\u00e1dzaj\u00face z obdobia okolo roku 8000 pred Kristom. Boli n\u00e1jden\u00e9 na brehoch rieky Jord\u00e1n a dne\u0161n\u00fdm tehl\u00e1m sa pr\u00edli\u0161 nepodobali. Mali tvar bochn\u00edka chleba a boli dlh\u00e9 pribli\u017ene 26 cm. Tieto tehly boli vyroben\u00e9 z blata a vody, vys\u00fa\u0161ali sa teplom slnku a na stavbe sa pou\u017e\u00edvali po vytvrdnut\u00ed. Vtedaj\u0161\u00ed stavitelia pou\u017e\u00edvali aj \u201emaltu\u201c na sp\u00e1janie teh\u00e1l, ktor\u00fa si vyrobili z blata.<\/p>\n

V obdob\u00ed Babylonu vzniklo mnoho pozoruhodn\u00fdch stavieb<\/strong>
\nPo\u010das nasleduj\u00facich tis\u00edc rokov sa v\u00fdroba tehly ako stavebn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu postupne zdokona\u013eovala. Z ru\u010dn\u00e9ho miesenia sa postupne za\u010dali tvarova\u0165 pomocou dreven\u00fdch foriem a v obdob\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mie sa u\u017e za\u010dali objavova\u0165 aj prv\u00e9 p\u00e1len\u00e9 tehly. Ve\u013ek\u00fd rozvoj tehliarstva nastal okolo roku 600 pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom v Babylone za vl\u00e1dy kr\u00e1\u013ea Nebuchadnezzara II.
\nV tom \u010dase sa za\u010dali hojne vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ru\u010dne tvarovan\u00e9 tehly, ktor\u00e9 sa su\u0161ili, vypa\u013eovali a n\u00e1sledne glazovali. Skladali sa k sebe a prekladali dreven\u00fdmi doskami i palmov\u00fdmi listami, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eili namiesto malty.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed rozvoj tehliarstva prebehol v obdob\u00ed stredoveku<\/strong>
\nPresu\u0148me sa o nieko\u013eko storo\u010d\u00ed dopredu. Obrovsk\u00fd rozvoj tehliarskeho remesla prebehol v dobe stredoveku. V obdob\u00ed medzi 15. a\u017e 16. storo\u010d\u00edm u\u017e existovali lisovacie stoly, ktor\u00e9 cel\u00fa v\u00fdrobu u\u013eah\u010dovali. Tehly sa potom su\u0161ili na zemi vystlanej slamou.
\nZ dochovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee sa tehly su\u0161ili a\u017e 4 t\u00fd\u017edne a a\u017e potom sa vypa\u013eovali. V obdob\u00ed stredoveku boli be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pece s pevnou podlahou. Na t\u00fa sa tehly naukladali a v spodnej \u010dasti sa rozlo\u017eil ohe\u0148. Prikladalo sa drevom.<\/p>\n

O nieko\u013eko sto rokov nesk\u00f4r u\u017e bola v\u00fdroba be\u017en\u00fdch obd\u013a\u017enikov\u00fdch teh\u00e1l nedostato\u010dn\u00e1. Kv\u00f4li zdoben\u00fdm stavb\u00e1m vyvstala potreba vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 aj zdoben\u00e9 tehly. Od 17. storo\u010dia sa tak roz\u0161irovala potreba zdoben\u00e9ho tehliarstva, ke\u010f remeseln\u00edci vyrez\u00e1vali tehly r\u00f4znych tvarov. Za\u010dali sa objavova\u0165 r\u00f4zne zakriven\u00e9 v\u00fdklenky \u010di vyrez\u00e1van\u00e9 postavy. V ur\u010ditej dobe tak bolo tehliarstvo prepojen\u00e9 so soch\u00e1rskym remeslom. Ke\u010f sa zdoben\u00e1 tehla vytiahla z pece, starostlivo sa le\u0161tila a obrusovala do po\u017eadovan\u00fdch rozmerov a tvarov.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

S v\u00fdvojom nov\u00fdch pec\u00ed sa technol\u00f3gia napa\u013eovania zlep\u0161ovala<\/strong>
\nProces v\u00fdroby, skladba materi\u00e1lu aj technologick\u00e9 postupy sa v priebehu nasleduj\u00facich rokov neust\u00e1le vylep\u0161ovali. Tehliari si v\u0161ak st\u00e1le viac uvedomovali d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 zdokonalenia vypa\u013eovac\u00edch pec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa na kvalitu v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho produktu z\u00e1sadn\u00fd v\u00fdznam.
\nV 19. storo\u010d\u00ed sa za\u010dali objavova\u0165 patenty na nov\u00e9 druhy pec\u00ed. Na vypa\u013eovanie teh\u00e1l sa za\u010dala pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 kruhov\u00e1 pec, v ktorej hor\u00faci vzduch pr\u00fadil rovnomerne a tehly tak boli vyp\u00e1len\u00e9 aj z hornej strany. V roku 1850 bola vyvinut\u00e1 vtedy modern\u00e1 Hoffmanova pec, ktor\u00e1 bola navrhnut\u00e1 na nepretr\u017eit\u00fa prev\u00e1dzku 24 hod\u00edn denne.<\/p>\n

Od ru\u010dnej v\u00fdroby k automatiz\u00e1cii<\/strong>
\nZatia\u013e \u010do na za\u010diatku 20. storo\u010dia sa tehly st\u00e1le vyr\u00e1bali po celej Eur\u00f3pe ru\u010dne, ku koncu storo\u010dia bolo tehliarstvo u\u017e v znamen\u00ed automatiz\u00e1cie v\u00fdroby. \u0164a\u017ek\u00e1 technika sa pou\u017e\u00edvala pri \u0165a\u017een\u00ed \u00edlu, modern\u00e9 boli lisovacie stroje, kruhov\u00e9 pece boli nahraden\u00e9 tunelov\u00fdmi. Tie umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161enie objemu v\u00fdroby. Tuh\u00e9 paliv\u00e1 boli nahraden\u00e9 plynom.<\/p>\n

Viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed tu: https:\/\/www.chytre-bydleni.cz\/<\/p>\n

Zdroj: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3JLltYC<\/p>\n

Foto: depositphotos<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tehla je najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm stavebn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, ktor\u00fd je zn\u00e1my skoro ako \u013eudstvo samo. Trvalo tis\u00edce rokov, k\u00fdm sa v\u00fdroba p\u00e1lenej tehly dostala na s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fa \u00farove\u0148. Po\u010das posledn\u00fdch sto rokov pritom zaznamenala obrovsk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj. Tehly vyroben\u00e9 pred sto rokmi by u\u017e nezodpovedali s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm po\u017eiadavk\u00e1m na stavby, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa n\u00edzkoenergetick\u00e9 domy. Po\u010fme sa spolo\u010dne vyda\u0165 po stop\u00e1ch hist\u00f3rie […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":89601,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-89600","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-architektura","category-tech","eq-blocks"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=89600"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":89619,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89600\/revisions\/89619"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/89601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=89600"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=89600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}