{"id":91502,"date":"2023-01-11T18:22:59","date_gmt":"2023-01-11T16:22:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/?p=91502"},"modified":"2023-01-11T18:22:59","modified_gmt":"2023-01-11T16:22:59","slug":"istanbul-krasne-mesto-na-bospore","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/2023\/01\/istanbul-krasne-mesto-na-bospore\/","title":{"rendered":"Istanbul \u2013 kr\u00e1sne mesto na Bospore"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00e1loktor\u00e9 mesto na svete m\u00e1 tak\u00fa sl\u00e1vnu hist\u00f3riu, ako Istanbul. Zalo\u017eil ho v roku 330 r\u00edmsky cis\u00e1r Kon\u0161tant\u00edn Ve\u013ek\u00fd a neskromne ho pomenoval po sebe. Hne\u010f sem tie\u017e pres\u00eddlil, tak\u017ee nieko\u013eko nasleduj\u00facich desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed bola Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopol hlavn\u00fdm mestom r\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e. Po rozdelen\u00ed r\u00edmskeho imp\u00e9ria v roku 395 potom zostala hlavn\u00fdm mestom v\u00fdchodor\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e, ktor\u00e9 sa nesk\u00f4r za\u010dalo hovori\u0165 Byzancia pod\u013ea starej gr\u00e9ckej osady Byzantion, ktor\u00e1 tu st\u00e1la d\u00e1vno predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e si toto miesto vyhliadol Kon\u0161tant\u00edn pre vybudovanie nov\u00e9ho hlavn\u00e9ho mesta.<\/p>\n

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Byzantsk\u00ed cis\u00e1ri vl\u00e1dli Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopolu alebo Carihradu a\u017e do 15. storo\u010dia. Byzantsk\u00e1 r\u00ed\u0161a postupne slabla a Turci zaberali po k\u00faskoch jej b\u00fdval\u00e9 \u00fazemia v Eur\u00f3pe aj v \u00c1zii. Ranu z milosti potom Byzant\u00edncom zasadil tureck\u00fd sult\u00e1n Mehmed II., ktor\u00fd toto mesto dobyl 29. m\u00e1ja 1453. Tento d\u00e1tum b\u00fdva niektor\u00fdmi historikmi pova\u017eovan\u00fd za za\u010diatok novej \u00e9ry \u2013 novoveku. Dobyt\u00edm Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopolu toti\u017e osmansk\u00ed Turci definit\u00edvne odrezali Eur\u00f3pu od obchodu s \u010ealek\u00fdm v\u00fdchodom (obchodn\u00e9 cesty viedli cez Stredozemn\u00e9 a \u010cierne more pr\u00e1ve cez Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopol), \u010do prin\u00fatilo Eur\u00f3panov h\u013eada\u0165 nov\u00e9 obchodn\u00e9 cesty do Indie po mori. V\u00fdsledkom ich sn\u00e1h bolo objavenie Ameriky Kri\u0161tofom Kolumbom roku 1492 a n\u00e1jdenie cesty do Indie okolo Afriky roku 1498 Vaskom da Gamou.<\/p>\n

Hoci boli Turci ako bojovn\u00edci nemilosrdn\u00ed, zachovali sa ove\u013ea lep\u0161ie ako v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina in\u00fdch dobyvate\u013eov. Mesto premenovali na Istanbul a urobili ho hlavn\u00fdm mestom Osmanskej r\u00ed\u0161e bez toho, aby zborili jeho najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie pamiatky. Hlavn\u00fdm mestom Turecka bol Istanbul a\u017e do 20. storo\u010dia, kedy sa novou tureckou metropolou stala Ankara, teda mesto ove\u013ea men\u0161ie, ale lep\u0161ie chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 pred pr\u00edpadn\u00fdmi dobyvate\u013emi.<\/p>\n

Dnes je Istanbul \u010faleko najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm mestom nielen pre samotn\u00e9 Turecko, je aj jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch miest Eur\u00f3py aj \u00c1zie s\u00fa\u010dasne. Le\u017e\u00ed toti\u017e na oboch brehoch prielivu Bospor, a nach\u00e1dza sa tak na dvoch kontinentoch. Nikto nevie presne, ko\u013eko tu \u017eije obyvate\u013eov. \u00dadaje kol\u00ed\u0161u medzi 10 a\u017e 20 mili\u00f3nmi. Jednak je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 presn\u00e9 hranice mesta, ktor\u00e9 je rozleznut\u00e9 takmer do nekone\u010dna, a potom tu b\u00fdvaj\u00fa st\u00e1tis\u00edce \u013eud\u00ed v chudobn\u00fdch \u0161tvrtiach na \u010dierno, bez ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek stavebn\u00e9ho povolenia.<\/p>\n

Hoci zemepisne le\u017e\u00ed Istanbul na hranici Eur\u00f3py a \u00c1zie, historicky je to mesto jednozna\u010dne eur\u00f3pske. V\u0161etky d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pamiatky sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa na eur\u00f3pskej strane Bosporu. Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopol bola v stredoveku \u010faleko najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edm a najbohat\u0161\u00edm mestom Eur\u00f3py. V dob\u00e1ch, kedy Lond\u00fdn, Par\u00ed\u017e \u010di Praha pripom\u00ednali sk\u00f4r v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu opevnen\u00fa dedinu, \u017eilo v Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopole nieko\u013eko sto tis\u00edc obyvate\u013eov. Mesto potom chr\u00e1nili hradby, ktor\u00e9 boli pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za nedobytn\u00e9. A ony tie\u017e vtedy prakticky nedobytn\u00e9 boli a vyl\u00e1mali si na nich zuby v\u0161etci dobyvatelia. Hradby sa podarilo prelomi\u0165 a\u017e Turkom. Ich arm\u00e1da bola toti\u017e prv\u00e1, ktor\u00e1 vo ve\u013ekej miere nasadila delostrelectvo.<\/p>\n

V Istanbule je tak\u00e9 mno\u017estvo pamiatok, \u017ee ich tu nemo\u017eno ani v\u0161etky vymenova\u0165, nieto e\u0161te pop\u00edsa\u0165. Spomeniem sa teda len o nieko\u013ek\u00fdch z nich, ktor\u00e9 ma zaujali najviac:<\/p>\n

Modr\u00e1 me\u0161ita. Pod\u013ea m\u0148a je to najkraj\u0161ia me\u0161ita v Istanbule. Je jedin\u00e1, ktor\u00fa zdob\u00ed 6 minaretov (ostatn\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 me\u0161ity maj\u00fa iba 4 minarety). Bola postaven\u00e1 sult\u00e1nom Ahmedom I. na za\u010diatku 17. storo\u010dia (odtia\u013e jej tureck\u00fd n\u00e1zov Sultanahmet). \u010co je na istanbulsk\u00fdch me\u0161it\u00e1ch skvel\u00e9 \u2013 takmer do v\u0161etk\u00fdch je vstup zadarmo a Turci s\u00fa ve\u013emi radi, ak ich nav\u0161tevuj\u00fa aj nemoslimovia. Je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e9 dodr\u017eiava\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 – vyzu\u0165 sa pred me\u0161itou a nechodi\u0165 dovn\u00fatra v kr\u00e1tkych nohaviciach \u010di v minisukni. Ak m\u00e1 n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edk na sebe pracovn\u00e9 oble\u010denie<\/a>, mus\u00ed by\u0165 v\u017edy \u010diste a vy\u017eehlen\u00e9.\u00a0 Pre \u017eeny sa ani nehod\u00ed ma\u0165 odhalen\u00e9 ramen\u00e1.<\/p>\n

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Aya Sofya (Hagia Sofia) \u2013 chr\u00e1m Bo\u017eej m\u00fadrosti. T\u00e1to stavba bola p\u00f4vodne kostolom, ktor\u00fd nechal v 6. storo\u010d\u00ed postavi\u0165 byzantsk\u00fd cis\u00e1r Justini\u00e1nus. Ke\u010f bolo dielo hotov\u00e9, zvolal nad\u0161en\u00fd cis\u00e1r: \u201e\u0160alam\u00fana, teraz som \u0164a prekonal!\u201c A\u017e do roku 1453 potom bola t\u00e1to stavba \u010faleko najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm kres\u0165ansk\u00fdm kostolom sveta. Ke\u010f dobyli Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopol Turci, pristavali ku kostolu postupne \u0161tyri minarety a odvtedy bola Aya Sofya me\u0161itou. V 20. storo\u010d\u00ed bola v\u0161ak stavba odsv\u00e4ten\u00e1, tak\u017ee dnes je tu m\u00fazeum a vyber\u00e1 sa tu (na rozdiel od ostatn\u00fdch me\u0161\u00edt) vstupn\u00e9. Za pozornos\u0165 stoja najm\u00e4 kr\u00e1sne byzantsk\u00e9 fresky, ktor\u00e9 p\u00f4vodne Turci zama\u013eovali z n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov (islam zakazuje zobrazova\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9 bytosti) a ned\u00e1vno boli zre\u0161taurovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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\u010eal\u0161ie me\u0161ity. Ve\u013ek\u00fdch me\u0161\u00edt je v Istanbule viac. Za pozornos\u0165 stoj\u00ed najm\u00e4 Sulejmanova me\u0161ita, Nov\u00e1 me\u0161ita (Yeni Camii) a Dobyvate\u013eova me\u0161ita (Fatih Camii). Osobne som sa c\u00edtil najlep\u0161ie v Dobyvate\u013eovej me\u0161ite. T\u00e1 je pomenovan\u00e1 po Mehmede II. Dobyvate\u013eovi, teda po sult\u00e1ne, ktor\u00fd dobyl Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopol. Z ve\u013ek\u00fdch me\u0161\u00edt je naj\u010falej od centra a preto nie je to\u013eko nav\u0161tevovan\u00e1 turistami, \u010do umo\u017en\u00ed si t\u00fa n\u00e1dheru lep\u0161ie vychutna\u0165.<\/p>\n

Pal\u00e1c Topkapi. Tento b\u00fdval\u00fd sult\u00e1nov pal\u00e1c, situovan\u00fd na n\u00e1vr\u0161\u00ed nad Bosporom, je dnes jedn\u00fdm z najkraj\u0161\u00edch svetov\u00fdch m\u00faze\u00ed. Nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sa tu expon\u00e1ty z mnoh\u00fdch kraj\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 Turci z\u00edskali ako koris\u0165 aj ako dary od cudz\u00edch panovn\u00edkov.<\/p>\n

Galatsk\u00fd most a Galatsk\u00e1 ve\u017ea. Galatsk\u00fd most sa klenie nad z\u00e1livom Zlat\u00fd roh v eur\u00f3pskej \u010dasti Istanbulu. Post\u00e1va na \u0148om mnoho ryb\u00e1rov. Ich \u00falovky si potom m\u00f4\u017eete k\u00fapi\u0165 v niektorej z mnoh\u00fdch re\u0161taur\u00e1ci\u00ed, situovan\u00fdch v suter\u00e9ne mosta (ten je toti\u017e dvojposchodov\u00fd). Z Galatskej ve\u017ee, t\u00fd\u010diacej sa nad z\u00e1livom, je \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd v\u00fdh\u013ead na Istanbul.<\/p>\n

Ve\u013ek\u00fd a Egyptsk\u00fd baz\u00e1r. Dva \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 baz\u00e1re. Ve\u013ek\u00fd baz\u00e1r je najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm kryt\u00fdm baz\u00e1rom na svete. Je skuto\u010dne obrovsk\u00fd a \u013eahko sa v jeho uli\u010dk\u00e1ch strat\u00edte. Dnes tu v\u0161ak pred\u00e1vaj\u00fa hlavne g\u00fd\u010dovit\u00e9 suven\u00edry pre turistov. Viac sa mi p\u00e1\u010dil Egyptsk\u00fd baz\u00e1r, ktor\u00fd je ove\u013ea men\u0161\u00ed, p\u00f4sob\u00ed viac orient\u00e1lnym dojmom a pred\u00e1va sa tu predov\u0161etk\u00fdm korenie a \u010fal\u0161ie potraviny.<\/p>\n

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Podzemn\u00ed cisterny Yerebatan<\/strong>. Velik\u00e9 podzemn\u00ed cisterny, slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve jako z\u00e1sob\u00e1rny pitn\u00e9 vody pro m\u011bsto.<\/p>\n

Z ostatn\u00edch pam\u00e1tek stoj\u00ed za pozornost t\u0159eba zbytky hradeb Konstantinopole, Hippodrom (staro\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 z\u00e1vodi\u0161t\u011b) s Theodosiov\u00fdm obeliskem, Valent\u016fv akvadukt ze 4. stolet\u00ed, a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch.
\nV Istanbulu ov\u0161em nejsou jen pam\u00e1tky, n\u00fdbr\u017e i modern\u00ed \u010dtvrt\u011b s mrakodrapy \u010di naopak \u0161pinav\u00e1 a chud\u00e1 p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed d\u00e1le od centra. Bavit se m\u016f\u017eete v no\u010dn\u00edch klubech a restaurac\u00edch, sportovn\u00ed fanatici pak mohou vyrazit na fotbal (nejpopul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed kluby jsou Galatasaray, Fenerbahce a Besiktas). V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b pak Istanbul opl\u00fdv\u00e1 skv\u011blou kuchyn\u00ed. Nejtypi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm tureck\u00fdm j\u00eddlem je kebap (co\u017e je obvykle pe\u010den\u00e9 skopov\u00e9 maso, nakr\u00e1jen\u00e9 v housce \u010di serv\u00edrovan\u00e9 na tal\u00ed\u0159i). Na sv\u00e9 si tak\u00e9 p\u0159ijdou milovn\u00edci sladkost\u00ed a \u010daje. A pokud jste nikdy nebyli v Asii, nen\u00ed nic snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, ne\u017e sednout na jeden z mnoha trajekt\u016f (slou\u017e\u00ed jako MHD) a za m\u00edrn\u00fd poplatek se p\u0159epravit p\u0159es Bospor na druhou stranu.<\/p>\n

Viacej inform\u00e1ci\u00ed tu: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3QyhRNe
\nZdroj: http:\/\/www.hyperstudent.cz\/
\nFoto: Flickr, Depostiphotos<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00e1loktor\u00e9 mesto na svete m\u00e1 tak\u00fa sl\u00e1vnu hist\u00f3riu, ako Istanbul. Zalo\u017eil ho v roku 330 r\u00edmsky cis\u00e1r Kon\u0161tant\u00edn Ve\u013ek\u00fd a neskromne ho pomenoval po sebe. Hne\u010f sem tie\u017e pres\u00eddlil, tak\u017ee nieko\u013eko nasleduj\u00facich desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed bola Kon\u0161tant\u00ednopol hlavn\u00fdm mestom r\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e. Po rozdelen\u00ed r\u00edmskeho imp\u00e9ria v roku 395 potom zostala hlavn\u00fdm mestom v\u00fdchodor\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161e, ktor\u00e9 sa nesk\u00f4r […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":91503,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,13,52,50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-91502","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-architektura","category-real-estate","category-outdoor","category-radim-vam","eq-blocks"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91502"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91502\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":91539,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91502\/revisions\/91539"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/91503"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=91502"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.slovaklinesmagazin.sk\/cms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=91502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}